Glossary

BiteFix | Against Match-Fixing in Sport > Glossary

A

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Asian Handicap	A way of betting on a football match where teams receive half and quarter goal head starts.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Athlete support personnel	Any coach, trainer, manager, agent, team staff, team official, medical or paramedical personnel working with or treating athletes participating in or preparing for sports competitions, and all other persons working with the athletes;	Macolin Convention art. 3.6 b
Athlete	Any person or group of persons, participating in sports competitions;	Macolin Convention art. 3.6 a

B

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Balance of probabilities	Standard of proof most commonly used in sport regulatory investigations and disciplinary proceedings. Sports organizations have to provide evidence it is more likely than not that the offence occurred	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Benefit	The direct or indirect receipt or provision of money or the equivalent such as, but not limited to, bribes, gains, gifts and other advantages including, without limitation, winnings and/or potential winnings as a result of a wager; the foregoing shall not include official prize money, appearance fees or payments to be made under sponsorship or other contracts. Sporting advantage is also a benefit;	Olympic Movement Code on the Prevention of the Manipulation of Competitions art 1.1
Betting operators	any company or other undertaking that promotes, brokers, arranges or conducts any form of Betting activity in relation to the Sport	Report of the Review of Australia’s Sports Iintegrity Arrangement_page245
Betting operators	A betting operator (also known as a ‘bookmaker’) is a person (or entity) “who sets the odds and takes bets on the outcome of events, especially sports events. They are responsible for determining the likelihood of a particular outcome and setting the odds accordingly”	https://www.lsd.law/define/bookmaker

C

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Code of Ethics	at many levels in the world of sport a set of proper, honest, transparent, fair and understandable principles, measures and regulations that play an integrative role in fair and desirable management in each sport and in multisport environments, often guided and administered through Ethical Commissions/Committees comprised of persons without any track of dishonest, manipulative, corrupt and criminal history	HÄSK Mladost
Competition Stakeholder	Any natural or legal person belonging to one of the following categories:	Macolin Convention art. 3.6
Competitions organiser	Any sports organisation or any other person, irrespective of their legal form, which organises sports competitions.	Macolin Convention art. 3.3
Conflict of interest	Situation where an individual or the entity for which they work is confronted with choosing between the duties and demands of their position and their own private interests	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Cooperation	the act of sharing information between the Authorities, upon request or on a voluntary basis, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, within the limits of their respective competences, mandates and commitments as provided in the Gateways. “Information” may include assistance and exchange of good practices;	Cooperation Arrangement between the gambling regulatory authorities of the EEA Member States concerning online gambling services, Art 4.1
Corrupt Approach	A corrupt approach is a request to share inside information or to fix an aspect of a match or tournament. This may be incentivised by an offer of money, financial assistance to cover expenses or other benefits relating to a tennis tournament	FAQs (itia.tennis)
Corruption	The abuse of entrusted power for private gain	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Courtsiding or Pitch-Siding	is the practice of the instant, covert transmission of information about developments in a sports event to obtain an advantage over wagering service providers. Essentially, it allows a gambler to take advantage of the longer time it takes for that same information to get to gambling operators by placing a bet on an outcome during a contest, with additional information (either a win or some intermediate event).	SPORT INTEGRITY AUSTRALIA \| Courtsiding

D

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Decay	The natural gravitation of odds towards the outcome that the current scoreline determines, as the remaining time diminishes (e.g. as time left in the match decreases, Unders prices should shorten).	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Detrimental conduct	any threatened, recommended or actual act or omission, direct or indirect, which causes or may cause harm, and is linked to or resulting from actual or suspected whistleblowing	TRANSPARENCY_INTERNATIONAL_Internal_Whistleblowing_Systems_2022_ENG
Direct influencers	The players or match officials involved in the sporting event who fix that contest	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Disciplinary measures	when irregular, dishonest and corrupt actions occur, in each sport pillar disciplinary measures are taken in order to sanction the concrete manipulation and set an example to others in order to discourage such indecent and inappropriate behaviour	HÄSK Mladost
Disruption	ions by law enforcement agencies or sports bodies that prevent the fixing of a sporting event by disrupting the activities of those believed to be planning/taking part in the fix	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Draw No Bet	A line offered by a betting operator whereby the stake is returned to the bettor when a draw occurs. When one team wins, the bet acts as normal, paying out if the backed team wins, or with no pay out when the backed team loses.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Drift	Any selection that is lengthening, or getting bigger, in odds.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022

E

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Expert	A person who has been instructed to give or prepare expert evidence for the purpose of proceedings. The person should have relevant expertise, be impartial and their evidence must be reliable. An expert owes their duty to the court or sport disciplinary panel/tribunal	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Expert evidence	Evidence relating to matters of a technical or scientific nature. This generally includes an expert’s opinion	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG

F

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Fake game	being one where a team plays but is not the real team that is supposed to play	INTERPOL’s Purple Notice, April 23,2020 (UNODC, Global Report on Corruption in Sport, page 229)
Favourite	The betting selection in any event with the shortest price. In Asian Handicap betting this is the team conceding the handicap.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Full-Time Market	A betting market that allows a bettor to bet on an outcome to occur by full time (e.g. the result or the number of goals scored).	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022

G

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Gambling regulatory authorities	means the EEA Member States’ competent authorities as designated by the Member States for the regulation and supervision of online gambling services listed in Appendix I;	Cooperation Arrangement between the gambling regulatory authorities of the EEA Member States concerning online gambling services, Art 4.2
Good governance	Good governance is characterized by participatory, transparent, accountable, efficient, and effective institutions, as well as adherence to the rule of law. It ensures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account, and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making	UNDP_Governance for sustainable human development_New York, NY_1997_ENG

H

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Half Time Market	A betting market that allows a bettor to bet on an outcome to occur by half time (e.g. the result or the number of goals scored).	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022

I

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Illegal sports betting	Any sports betting activity whose type or operator is not allowed under the applicable law of the jurisdiction where the consumer is located;	Macolin Convention art. 3.5 a
Indirect influencers	Third parties who can influence the environment where the sporting event is taking place (e.g. agents, sport club owners or organized criminals)	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Information	Any raw data that may be relevant to corruption/malpractice in sport (e.g. names, addresses and telephone numbers)	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
In-Running Betting	The placing of bets during a live match as the match is happening. As this betting occurs throughout a live match, odds can vary as time progresses and depending on the performance and positions of teams and players. This form of betting is popular due to the excitement involved when watching the game in real time. It also provides larger betting limits in general. Also known as “in-play betting”.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Inside information	nformation relating to any competition that a person possesses by virtue of his or her position in relation to a sport or competition, excluding any information already published or common knowledge, easily accessible to interested members of the public or disclosed in accordance with the rules and regulations governing the relevant sport competition	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Inside information	Information relating to any competition that a person possesses by virtue of his or her position in relation to a sport or competition, excluding any information already published or common knowledge, easily accessible to interested members of the public or disclosed in accordance with the rules and regulations governing the relevant competition.	Macolin Convention art. 3.7
Integrity of Sport	Ethical fundamental value in the sport movement characterized by credibility, transparency and fairness as well as by the unpredictability of sports competition results	CE215_Explanatory Report of the Macolin Convention, 26, page5
Integrity officer	the person responsible for developing, implementing and monitoring anti-corruption policies and procedures, and for contributing to the establishment of an enduring ethical culture.	UNODC_Global Report on Sports_Corruption_2021_page 127
Irregular sports betting	Any sports betting activity inconsistent with usual or anticipated patterns of the market in question or related to betting on a sports competition whose course has unusual characteristics;	Macolin Convention art. 3.5 b

L

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Law enforcement agency	A police force or any other agency performing a similar function	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Lengthening	When odds are increased (i.e. become bigger) in favour of the bettor, thereby giving a greater return on the bet.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Long Odds	A term used to indicate events that are unlikely to happen. Long odds therefore have significantly larger potential payouts. Underdogs typically have the longest odds.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022

M

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Manipulation Executor	those persons who are directly involved in making the manipulation happen	CETS 2015_National Platforms Network – Group of Copenhagen_Working Group – Typology
Manipulation instigated by Exploitation of Governance	Abuse of dominant position. The instigators misusing their dominant insider position to instruct or force the executor to manipulate a sports event, or element of an event, in order to gain an unfair sporting advantage or corrupt financial benefit.	CETS 2015_NPNetwork – Group of Copenhagen_WG – Typology_Pages10/11
Manipulation instigated by Exploitation of Power/ Influence	Abuse of financial and contractual position. Misusing the power that comes from a financial or contractual position, the instigator instructs or forces the executor to manipulate a sports competition, or element of a sports competition.	CETS 2015_NPNetwork – Group of Copenhagen_WG – Typology_Pages12/13
Manipulation instigated by External Influences	Approaching, influencing or controlling the executor(s). No intention to gain a sporting advantage i.e. Person(s) outside of the jurisdiction of the relevant sports organisation.	CETS 2015_NPNetwork – Group of Copenhagen_WG – Typology_Pages14/15
Manipulation instigated by Opportunistic	Individual(s) exploiting their sports participant status to deliberately underperform or manipulate the expected outcome of a sports competition, or element within a sports competition, where this activity is considered to be non-compliant with criminal laws or sport rules	CETS 2015_NPNetwork – Group of Copenhagen_WG – Typology_Pages16/17
Manipulation Instigator	those persons who drive the manipulation to take place	CETS 2015_NPNetwork – Group of Copenhagen_WG – Typology_Page9
Manipulation of sports competitions or Match-Fixing	An intentional arrangement, act or omission aimed at an improper alteration of the result or the course of a sports competition in order to remove all or part of the unpredictable nature of the aforementioned sports competition with a view to obtaining an undue advantage for oneself or for others.	Olympic Movement Code on the Prevention of the Manipulation of Competitions art 2.2
Manipulation Type 1. Direct interference in the natural course of a sporting event or competition	Manipulation of sports competitions, or element of a sports competition, in order to gain an unfair sporting advantage or corrupt financial benefit	CETS 2015_NPNetwork – Group of Copenhagen_WG – Typology_Page9
Manipulation Type 2. Modification of an athlete’s identity / personal information	Providing false information related to: i. personal data ii. physical characteristics iii. capabilities (mental or physical)	CETS 2015_NPNetwork – Group of Copenhagen_WG – Typology_Page9
Manipulation Type 3. Modification that is non-compliant with criminal laws or sport rules relating to:	i. playing surfaces ii. equipment iii. athlete physiology iv. sporting venue	CETS 2015_NPNetwork – Group of Copenhagen_WG – Typology_Page9

O

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Odds	A representation of perceived probability that imitates the chances or price of a certain bet happening.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Odds-On / OddsAgainst	An “odds-on” selection requires the bettor to stake an amount more than the amount expected to be made in profit. “Odds-against” means that the amount won by the bettor is greater than the amount staked.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Official	Any person who is the owner of, a shareholder in, an executive or a staff member of the entities which organise and promote sports competitions, as well as referees, jury members and any other accredited persons. The term also covers the executives and staff of the international sports organisation, or where appropriate, other competent sports organisation which recognises the competition.	Macolin Convention art. 3.6 c
Olympic Values	the three constituting values of Olympism are excellence, respect and friendship, constructing the essence of the Olympic movement by promoting sport, cluture and education with a view and intent to build a better world	HÄSK Mladost
Online gambling service	means any service which involves wagering a stake with monetary value in games of chance, including those with an element of skill, such as lotteries, casino games, poker games and betting transactions that are provided by any means at a distance, by electronic means or any other technology for facilitating communication, and at the individual request of a recipient of services;	Cooperation Arrangement between the gambling regulatory authorities of the EEA Member States concerning online gambling services, Art 4.4
Open-source information	nformation collected legally and ethically from publicly available sources. Such sources include social media, websites, newspapers, magazines, TV and radio	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Outsider	A team which is deemed unlikely to win. An outsider is essentially the opposite of a favourite and will likely have long odds.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Overs	Betting on Overs refers to betting on the total number of goals scored in a game over a decimal point in the Total Goals Market, for example “Over 2.5 goals”, which removes the possibility of a draw on the bet. In this case, the bet would be for over 2.5 goals to be scored, meaning that three or more goals would need to be scored for the bet to win.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022

P

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Person concerned	a natural or legal person who is referred to in a whistleblower’s report or complaint as a person responsible for the suspected wrongdoing or detrimental conduct, or associated with that person	TRANSPARENCY_INTERNATIONAL_Internal_Whistleblowing_Systems_2022_ENG

R

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Reporting	The act of bringing perceived wrongdoing to the attention of someone with authority or in a position to take action	UNODC_Reporting Mechanisms in Sport_A Practical Guide for Development and Implementation_2019_ENG
Reporting interface	The means by which a reporting person makes a report through a reporting mechanism. Examples include face-to-face, telephone, email, online and digital app reporting interfaces	UNODC_Reporting Mechanisms in Sport_A Practical Guide for Development and Implementation_2019_ENG
Reporting mechanism	A system designed to receive and handle reports	UNODC_Reporting Mechanisms in Sport_A Practical Guide for Development and Implementation_2019_ENG

S

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Selection	The person, team or outcome that is the subject of the bet.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Sensitive Information	As a player or official you may have access to information that is not available to the general public, such as knowing that a key player is injured or that the coach is putting out a weakened side. This is considered sensitive, privileged or inside information. This information could be sought by people who would then use that knowledge to secure an unfair advantage and to make a financial gain.	FIFPRO_Don’t Fix-it_ Good Practice Guide_page21
Shortening	The chance of something happening becoming more likely. In betting terms, this means the reduction of odds (i.e. the odds become smaller). Odds can be shortened for a variety of reasons, often at the discretion of the betting operator. Possible reasons include new information coming to light that makes an outcome more likely, or when a lot of bettors place bets forcing a bookmaker to shorten the odds to ensure profitability.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Sport Clubs	key structural parts of the sport system, sometimes also called grassroots level in sports, gathering together athletes, coaches and managers in order to perform sport activities (prepare, train and compete), most often organised as NGO’s and associations, sometimes grouped together into multisport clubs and societies	HÄSK Mladost
Sports betting	Any wagering of a stake of monetary value in the expectation of a prize of monetary value, subject to a future and uncertain occurrence related to a sports competition. In particular:	Macolin Convention art. 3.5
Sports competition	Any sports competition, tournament, match or event, organised in accordance with the rules of a Sports Organisation or its affiliated organisations, or, where appropriate, in accordance with the rules of any other competent Sports Organisation;	Olympic Movement Code on the Prevention of the Manipulation of Competitions art 1.2
Sports Ethics	It has two underlying principles: fairness and sport as an arena for individual self-fulfilment. Fairness refers to practising a sport while faithfully respecting the rules of competition, and to providing everyone with an equal chance of taking part in sport. Sport should be practised according to fair play, be free of discrimination and be an activity for all. Moreover, sport should be an arena for self-fulfilment in which everyone is given the opportunity for self-development and self-control according to their potential and interests. In this way, sport can become an important ethical and cultural factor in society.	CE215_Explanatory Report of the Macolin Convention, 25, page5
Sports Integrity	maintaining Olympic values, fair play and honest behaviour at all levels of the sport system – planning, financing, training, competing and organising all sport manifestations and events, preventing and fighting any abuse, manipulation, dishonest behaviour and form of corruption locally and globally TO BE COMBINED WITH THE INTEGRITY OF SPORTS	HÄSK Mladost
Sports organisation	Any organisation which governs sport or one particular sport, and its continental and national affiliated organisations, if necessary.	Macolin Convention art. 3.2
Stake	The amount of money invested by a bettor on a particular selection in a bet.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Stakeholders	Any individuals, groups or organizations that have an interest in sport or a sport	UNODC_and_ICSS_Resource_Guide_on_Good_Practices_in_the_Investigation_of_Match_Fixing_2016_ENG
Supremacy	The expected dominance of one team over the other, expressed in goals.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Sure Betting	is a form of betting that allows you to make a profit every time you bet; this is because you are sure betting on every single outcome. Sometimes known as arbitrage betting, sure betting is the process of placing a bet on different outcomes with separate bookmakers. (DG mail from 30/03/2023)	https://betslayer.com/sure-betting/
Suspicious sports betting	Any sports betting activity which, according to reliable and consistent evidence, appears to be linked to a manipulation of the sports competition on which it is offered.	Macolin Convention art. 3.5 c

T

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Total Goals	The total number of goals expected during a match. This can be a decimal number, as the value indicates an average of what would happen if the match was to be played numerous times.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Total Goals Market	Betting on the total number of goals scored within a game, regardless of team.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022

U

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Total Goals	The total number of goals expected during a match. This can be a decimal number, as the value indicates an average of what would happen if the match was to be played numerous times.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Total Goals Market	Betting on the total number of goals scored within a game, regardless of team.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Underdog	Refers to the team, player or participant that is perceived as least likely to win in any given contest or event. The Underdog usually has the longest odds to win and therefore the largest gains can be made by backing a successful underdog. Underdogs are also known as “long shots” and are the opposite of the favourite, which is the selection considered most likely to win. In Asian Handicap betting this is the team receiving the handicap.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022
Unders	Betting on Unders refers to betting on the total number of goals scored in a game under a decimal point in the Total Goals Market, for example “Under 2.5 goals”, which removes the possibility of a draw on the bet. In this case, the bet would be for under 2.5 goals to be scored, meaning that two or less goals would need to be scored for the bet to win.	Starlizard’s Glossary of Terms_v3 of July2022

W

Terms and Expressions	Definition	Source
Whistleblower	any person reporting or disclosing suspected wrongdoing with the reasonable belief that the information reported was true at the time of reporting	TRANSPARENCY_INTERNATIONAL_Internal_Whistleblowing_Systems_2022_ENG
Whistleblowing	communicating information on suspected wrongdoing (see below) to individuals or entities believed to be able to effect action.	TRANSPARENCY_INTERNATIONAL_Internal_Whistleblowing_Systems_2022_ENG
Wrongdoing	an act or omission that is unlawful, abusive or can cause harm	TRANSPARENCY_INTERNATIONAL_Internal_Whistleblowing_Systems_2022_ENG

Privacy Overview

This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.

Necessary

Always Enabled

Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously.

Cookie	Duration	Description
cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-functional	11 months	The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-others	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".
viewed_cookie_policy	11 months	The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.